71 Relative clauses (2) (Tom, who is only six, can speak three languages.) When I'd had finished dinner, I went for a walk. Thanks for A2A. These clauses are used to avoid making sentences overly complicated. If the verb is in the active voice, it gets reduced to a present participle phrase . seeing,a past participle, e.g. Replacing a Relative Clause by a Participle Construction. a form of a verb, often ending in "-ed" or "-ing" and used with auxiliary verbs to make verb tenses, or to form adjectives (Definition of participle from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge … E.g. It's for upper intermediate students. A million dollars worth of jewellery (belong) to the President's wife has been stolen. . We sometimes call this a 'reduced relative clause'. This use of prepositions or conjunctions before participle clauses (mainly –ing participle clauses) is quite common: Remember to take your bags when leaving the bus. It is the most complex sentence in English. Read Online Participle Clauses Exercises The New Cambridge English Course is a four-level course for learners of English. Passengers who wanted to go to Liverpool had to change in Manchester. More narrowly, participle has been defined as "a word derived from a verb and used as an adjective, as in a laughing face". Removing his coat is a subordinate clause, one with the role of a depictive adjunct in the structure of the main clause. Function: giving a tour (4) 10-3-2. participle翻譯：分詞。了解更多。 Unlike with plain adjectival complements, where such an interpretation cannot lead to morphosyntactic or event-structural reanalysis, with adjectival passive participles … clause ( plural clauses ) ( grammar) A verb, its necessary grammatical arguments, and any adjuncts affecting them. Participle clauses are mainly used in written texts, particularly in … (Jolene Gear and Robert Gear, Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL® Test, 4th ed. They are used to … : Kicking with all his strength, the ball went straight into the goal. Worksheets . The present participle active (-ing) is used to make a statement where the subject is omitted because it is the same as the subject of the main clause. The events of the two clauses can relate to each other in various ways: Type the type of participle clause you are asked: Reduced Relative Clauses Multiple choice (If you choose the wrong answer an explanation will be provided) Type using the corre… PARTICIPLES. The passive voice usually has a form of the verb to be plus the past participle of the main verb e.g. Omit the subject of the adverb phrase and change the verb to –ing (present participle). ... Semicolon – can join two clauses so they replace the conjunction e.g. Such words are called Participle. CD-ROM provides over 200 extra exercises to help you practice the grammar presented. Examples: • Aware of my inadequacy, I tried to work very hard. They are used mainly in written English and they allow us to convey a great deal of information in a shorter form. Also, they may shorten sentences or subsentences. was frightened. 72 Relative clauses (3): other relative pronouns 73 Relative clauses (4): prepositions in relative clauses 74 Participle clauses (-ing, … Instead of listening to me, Tom left the room. 2) The man is in the garden (the man is wearing a blue jumper) The verb in a reduced adverb clause can be in one of two forms. Writing: a review; learn to use adverb + past participle combinations (2) 10-2 (0) 10-2-1. School subject: English as a Second Language (ESL) Grade/level: Pre-Intermediate. Participle clauses can show time, conditions, reasons, and other relationships. Compare these possibilities in detail: Passengers who wanted to go to Liverpool had to change in Manchester. The term adverbial clause is used because the clause adds time-related information about the verb and answers the question When? Participle clauses can also follow prepositions or conjunctions: after, before, instead of, without, when, while, etc. . A participle clause is a dependent clause which uses a participle form of a verb. Participle Clauses. The boy who was waiting in the hall expected a phone call. They use a present participle or a past participle to shorten a main clause. The clauses can be in either order: Having eaten all the food it could find in the camp, the bear wandered away. The perfect participle, passive (having been -ed) is used when the action of the participle clause happens before the action of the main clause. But apparently there's a difference between a participial phrase (which modifies a noun and functions as an adjective) and a "participle clause" which functions as an adverb. PARTICIPLES. Participles - English Grammar Exercises Grammar explanation Participle clauses enable us to say information in a more economical way. Clauses whose verb is primary form are finite, those whose verb is a past participle or gerund-participle are non-finite, but those with a plain form verb can be either depending on the construction. It is formed from the word ‘go’. 10-1-3. Here are some common ways we use present participle clauses. talking, made) can be used without a pronoun or auxiliary to form a participle relative clause, e.g. We can use participle clauses after a noun in the same way as relative clauses. in these clauses: . Present Participle Clauses: … By elagun. For example Here are some common ways we use present participle clauses. Picking up my bag, I left the room. Learn more on how to use Defining Relative Clauses,using the best book for mastering English Grammar: https://amzn.to/2F0vzrO 1: A present participle (verb + ing) can be used in the same way as an active relative clause: The subject of both clauses must be the sameRead more . Grammar explanation Participle clauses enable us to say information in a more economical way. The boy who carried a blue parcel crossed the street. Adjective(s) + Main Clause Sometimes, a phrase containing one or more adjectives can function like a participle phrase. 3. ). A brief and understandable study on PARTICIPLES. 4. This measure is used in restrictive relative clauses (only) as an alternative to voicing that, which or who, whom, etc. Participle Clauses are used to shorten sentences. Present Participle; Indicates an action that happens simultaneously with the action in the main clause. Replace the Relative Clause by a Participle Construction while keeping the rest of the sentence unchanged. ( grammar) A verb along with its subject and their modifiers. The term "-ing form" is often used in English to refer to the gerund specifically. Grammar practice - Time clauses and present participle clauses. The battle was fought at this place. There are three types of participle clauses: 1. remove the single e at the end of the word before adding ing (sit) in the shade, we ate cake and drank coffee. The participle clause can come first in literary styles: (While) walking through the park, Tom lost his keys. Type in the present participle. Having picked up our bags and gone through customs, we were ushered into the arrivals lounge. Learn more. Participle Clauses. Reduced relative clauses modify the subject and not the object of a sentence. Point 32 in PASSIVES is defined as: NON-FINITE CLAUSES. Get the live strategy from our Expert to Crack (English) in all Competitive Exams 2017. In traditional grammar while, when, before, after, an since are conjunctions which join an adverb clause to an independent clause. Two actions at the same time: Singing happily, she left the room. add ing Buy now. This is especially helpful for students who are gearing up for the Cambridge: Advanced (CAE) exam or IELTS. Using this emphasizes that the first action was completed before the second action started. Writing: a review; learn to use adverb + past participle combinations (2) 10-2 (0) 10-2-1. The Cambridge Page 21/28. The word ‘going’ therefore has something of an adjective and something of a verb too. "The non-finite clause is a supplement with the main clause as anchor…. The relative pronoun— that, which, or who —is omitted, and the verb, an active form (sits, is sitting, sat, has sat, has been sitting) is changed to the present participle form (-ing). Because he didn't study hard enough for his exam, Ryan couldn't pass it. Relative clauses and other types of clause 70 Relative clauses (1) (The girl who I was talking about.) Discount 63% off. We can use a participle clause instead of a full adverbial clause when the idea condition, cause etc. More narrowly, participle has been defined as "a word derived from a verb and used as an adjective, as in a laughing face". … In the revision, imperative and subjunctive, which use plain form are included in the category of primary verbs." The teacher was impressed by Daniel’s work, so she gave him the highest score. Then watch the video from 2:21 to 2:40 and complete each space with one word. It is a form of the present participle. Age: 12+. These clauses are used to avoid making sentences overly complicated. My sister works in a bakery (make) cakes. In linguistics, a participle (PTCP) is a nonfinite verb form that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. Time clauses- present participle clause. Participle clauses are used to make language more efficient and concise. We use participle clauses in these contexts: The battle was very … By aszalma. English Grammar Exercises. The same idea with a participle clause. Grammar: participle clauses (2) 10-2-2. Non-defining vs defining relative clauses Advanced English Grammar: Participles Page 8/35 No alright look it doesn't matter this is everything you need to know about clauses. (88-9) Form Types: Reason: Frightened by the loud noise, the dog ran away. • Scared and pale, he answered very slowly. Present participle clauses. participle definition: 1. the form of a verb that usually ends in "ed" or "ing" and is used as an adjective: 2. the form…. Participle clauses can also follow prepositions or conjunctions: after, before, instead of, without, when, while, etc. Exercises. Carter, R. and McCarthy, M. (2006) Cambridge Grammar of English. English, unlike other West Germanic languages, has a zero relative pronoun (denoted below as Ø)—that is, the relative pronoun is implied and not explicitly written or spoken; it is "unvoiced". In linguistics, a participle (PTCP) is a nonfinite verb form that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. In time relationships [ Use present participle clause]: A. Arise or rise ? Types of participle clauses. or perfect participles (having gone, having read, having seen, having walked, etc. Bookmark File PDF Infinitive Gerund Participle Exercises With Answers Grammar of Classical Greek Difference between Islam and Muslim: Islam: The meaning comes from the Arabic deverbal noun A participle clause contains either a present participle, e.g. Being + PAST PARTICIPLE. Participle clauses are a kind of adverbial clause in that they give extra information (such as reasons, time, conditions, or results) to the sentence. an action that happens just before another action: Opening the envelope, I found two concert tickets. This means that it agrees with the noun it modifies in number, case and gender. Is a form of a verb A clause is a subordinate clause, which begins with the they act, like adverbs and our links to the main cause of a sentence They usually … 3.2 Postnominal participle clauses. Vocabulary plus: two-part phrases (1) 10-3 (0) 10-3-1. or. Participle Phrases (as reduced relative clauses?) The participle relative clause underlined in the example has the same meaning as a defining relative clause … Here are some common ways we use present participle clauses. If there is a be form of the verb in the adverb clause, omit the subject and omit the be verb, use only the –ing (present participle). This gives more information about the noun. Listening (2) 10-2-4. Vocabulary: the arts (1) 10-2-3. To achieve these two purposes, either the past participle or the present participle serve as tools. Sam left school early because he felt sick. (I opened the envelope and I found two concert tickets.) Passive Voice is specifically needed for IELTS is if you get a process diagram in Academic IELTS Task 1. These sentences all need an active clause. Present participle 2. By ilonkag. This is a clause using the present participle (-ing) or the past participle (-ed). Two clauses with a conjunction. and, but, yet etc. The tense is indicated by the verb in the main clause. Read Free Participle Clauses Exercises cambridge certificate of proficiency in english 5 audio cd set 2 cds examination papers from university of cambridge esol examinations cpe practice tests, the line (witching savannah book 1), bitterman's field guide to bitters & amari: 500 bitters; 50 amari; 123 recipes for cocktails, food & homemade bitters, Clauses - English Grammar Today - a reference to written and spoken English grammar and usage - Cambridge Dictionary Much like adjectives, relative clauses, also known as adjective clauses, modify nouns. Participle clauses are mainly used in written texts, particularly in a literary, academic or journalistic style. Perfect participle clauses (having + past participle) suggest a bigger time gap. https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/.../participle-clauses Set a film/book review task as participle clause can easily be used to describe narratives, encourage students to use at least 2 in their review. Still, past participles as root clauses do not have to exhibit directive illocutionary force, as shown by Fries (Reference Fries 1983:52), who gives the example Abgemacht! CBSE Class 8 English Grammar Participle. From the Cambridge English Corpus A woman (wear) a blue hat opened the door. THE MEANING OF THE ENGLISH PRESENT PARTICIPLE 475 simultaneityatall.Forexample,theparticipleburstingin(2)isnotstrictlysimultaneous with the higher clause process leave in its wake: (2) a bursting bubble can leave in its wake a ring of smaller bubbles (Google) The idea that participles express progressive meaning is more problematic. add ing (whistle) a song, she danced through the house with the mop. A participle is a form of a verb - either ING or Past Participle (3rd form of a verb). . Grammar: participle clauses (2) 10-2-2. Cambridge English C1 Essential Essay Writing 2020 CAE | Udemy. Here your students practice the different conditional clauses (1, 2, 3). This PowerPoint Presentation explains students the use and the structure of the different participle clauses: present, past and perfect p... 652 Downloads. A participle clause is a dependent clause which uses a participle form of a verb. GRAMMAR: PARTICIPLE CLAUSES 2008/09 4 E.g. This gives more information about the noun. 58 Participle clauses with adverbial meaning 1 59 Participle clauses with adverbial meaning 2 Pronouns, substitution and leaving out words 60 Reflexive pronouns: herself, himself, themselves, etc. Participle clauses can be used instead of clauses with conjunctions I picked up my bag and left the room. Object complements are grammatical constituents embedded in the predicate of a clause. Vocabulary: the arts (1) 10-2-3. A) to replace a time clause to show that an action took place while another was already in progress. While postnominal participles act as the verbal head of a non-finite clause, the interpretative options they display parallel those found for the prenominal participles discussed in the previous section, being again jointly constrained by … When we use the passive voice, the person or thing receiving the action becomes the subject. • Surprised at my reaction, she tried to console me. The tense is indicated by the verb in the main clause. Participle clauses and relative clauses 4.1. I've understood the -ing "gerund-participle" to function as either a noun, a verb, or an adjective (per the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language). seen,or a perfect participle, e.g. The perfect participle, active (having -ed) is used to show that the event of the participle clause happened first. 71 Relative clauses (2) (Tom, who is only six, can speak three languages.) (who, which, that) Relative clause last class very imp for board exam Relative Clauses - Clausulas Relativas - Uso de Who, Which, Whom, Whose, That. We use a perfect participle instead of a present participle if the action in the main clause is the result of the events in the participle clause: By elagun. It is participle chapter. This use of prepositions or conjunctions before participle clauses (mainly –ing participle clauses) is quite common: Remember to take your bags when leaving the bus. Current price $14.99. “ Having never seen a … clauses, infinitives and participles. A participle is formed from a verb but looks and behaves like an adjective. Participle clauses are common in written English because they allow us to include information without making long or complicated sentences. Notice the phrases she uses which are common to American English. In this case you will use it throughout your explanation of the process. The man who works at Costco lives in Seattle. Listening (2) 10-2-4. Nonfinite verbs take three different forms—the infinitive, the participle, or the gerund. Do you know the boy talking to Thomas? These sorts of -ing clauses acting as adjuncts (traditional grammar's 'adverbial') in clause structure may denote cause, result, or, as in this case, describe a situation taking place concurrently. : A new road has been built, which bypasses the town. Function: giving a tour (4) 10-3-2. This ws on if-clauses Type has 2 tasks: a) students complete the blanks with the PAST SIMPLE and match sentencdes with the pictures b) ... 5,423 Downloads . Replace the Relative Clause by a Participle Construction while keeping the rest of the sentence unchanged. reduced participle clauses. being a guy, his being a guy. If a clause provides a complete thought on its own, then it is an independent ( superordinate) clause; otherwise, it is ( subordinate) dependent. It's for upper intermediate students. By aszalma. final consonant after a short stressed vowel is doubled The child sat at the desk (paint) a picture. PDF Version of the Exercise. if the relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause, then the clause can be reduced to a present participle (verb + ing) phase or past participle (verb + ed) phrase. Having enumerated the problems, he started talking about solutions. We can also make a Perfect Participle using Having + past participle. Check. We use participle clauses in these contexts: The dog was frightened by the loud noise, so it ran away. Participle clauses are mainly used in written texts, particularly in a literary, academic or journalistic style. This neat little writing lesson for advanced ESL students is good for practising participle/relative clauses and helps them be more discriminating editors. Add to cart. The boy who was waiting in the hall expected a phone call. It is common for students, and even natives, to put a preposition before the participle, but this is incorrect. 2. To form a participle clause we must use a participle, meaning, a present participle (seeing), a past participle (seen) or having + past participle (having seen).. To review irregular participles see this post. Where To Download Participle Clauses Exercises The Grammaring Guide to English Grammar is a resource book on the grammar of Standard British English. ), past participles (gone, read, seen, walked, etc.) We sometimes call this a 'reduced relative clause'. A short worksheet with information about how participle clauses are different to relative clauses and a short practice with some sentence... 3,847 Downloads. From the Cambridge English Corpus In view of this, we could expect the subject gerunds to be the first to acquire the verbal traits characteristic of the participle. Combining Clauses with Participle Constructions (Mix) Combine the clauses using participle constructions (Present Participle or Past Participle). Instead of listening to me, Tom left the room. Present participle clauses. The clauses can be in either order: Having eaten all the food it could find in the camp, the bear wandered away. TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR; Adverbial Clauses . They have a passive meaning, e.g. I focus on the use of present and past participle. Present Participle Phrases. Grammar: relative clauses (3) 10-1-4. Cambridge … This use is often seen as rather formal. Mixed conditionals (1,2,3) Battleship. background, C1, CLAUSES, non-finite, PASSIVES / By English Grammar Pro. Question 1 of 1 Points for the correct answer 100. 1. To form a participle clause we must use a participle, meaning, a present participle (seeing), a past participle (seen) or having + past participle (having seen).. To review irregular participles see this post. having seen. Jack built the house that I was born in; Participle relative clauses with an -ed (past participle) form are also used like defining relative clauses to identify a particular person or thing. Time: Having finished dinner, I went for a walk. [phrase] . We can use participle clauses after a noun in the same way as relative clauses. 72 Relative clauses (3): other relative pronouns 73 Relative clauses (4): prepositions in relative clauses 74 Participle clauses (-ing, … The tense is indicated by the verb in the main clause. Read Vanessa's answer below. Functions of participle clauses: 1. TIME CLAUSES. is so strong that a conjunction (if, because etc) is unnecessary. Participle Clauses 1. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language calls such clauses "supplements".. John being late, we cancelled the meeting. (The first sentence is given as an example.) This added-on structure is called a dependent clause because it can not stand alone as a sentence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The New Cambridge English Course is a four-level course for learners of English.These exercises teach you step-by-step how to diagram the eight parts of speech, independent clauses, dependent adverb clauses, dependent noun clauses, dependent adjective clauses, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, gerunds, infinitives, participles, and more. Full explanation on participle clauses and their structure, with examples #learnenglish #englishgrammar #grammar #topenglishgrammartips 1: A present participle (verb + ing) can be used in the same way as an active relative clause: The -ing form is used for the active voice, and the -ed form (the past participle) is used for the passive voice." 61 One and ones 62 So and not as substitutes for clauses, etc. (replaces As/ When/ While I was walking) Language: English. Perfect Participles. They are used to omit unnecessary or implicit information. In this lesson, Mr. P./Marc will focus on the -ing & -ed clauses. Clause-by-clause explanation of AS9100 Rev D Participle clauses do not have a specific tense. 63 Do so; … Participle clauses do not have a specific tense. - English Grammar Today - a reference to written and spoken English grammar and usage - Cambridge Dictionary In Latin three kinds of participle exist: the present, perfect and future. lit. A lorry (carry) fruit crashed on the motorway. Pictures (paint) by Picasso usually sell for millions of pounds. (search) for her gloves, she dug through the entire wardrobe. ... We can use participle clauses when the participle and the verb in the main clause have the same subject. = She left the room as she was singing happily. In the English language, participle clauses are utilised to connect sentences, parts thereof, or both. Object complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that directly follow and describe or complete the direct object. Walking down the street on Saturday, I saw Simon. This neat little writing lesson for advanced ESL students is good for practising participle/relative clauses and helps them be more discriminating editors. Participle Clauses Lessons. This is especially helpful for students who are gearing up for the Cambridge: Advanced (CAE) exam or IELTS. Present Participle Clauses: gerund (-ing) 10-1-3. Preview this course. 1) We broke the computer (the computer belongs to my father) [ . ] ID: 53693. Grammar: relative clauses (3) 10-1-4. A participle clause, also called a nonfinite clause or a gerund-participle clause, is one in which the subject is usually omitted and the verb is reduced to a gerund-participle form (-ing) He is a guy. Many students set out in further and higher education with little grounding in the skills required for academic writing. The modifier with a full (finite) clause is changed to a modifier with a reduced (nonfinite) clause. The infinitive form of a verb (such as "to get" in the example above) is also known as the base form, and is often introduced by a main verb and the word "to," as in this sentence: ... "An Introduction to Word Grammar." Replacing a Relative Clause by a Participle Construction. Clauses are parts of a sentence and they have a verb and a noun. Reduced relative clauses refer to the shortening of a relative clause which modifies the subject of a sentence. Champagne, (produced) in France, is exported all over the world. A participle clause is called "absolute" only when it has no syntactic relationship to its matrix clause † —when it plays no role in the syntax of the matrix clause but is just tacked on somewhere. Now, try reducing these adverb clauses to … Tagged: CAE, Cambridge exams, Child's Play, Chucky, CPE, esl, fun with grammar, grammar, horror films, participle clauses, use of English, video, video lesson plans Post navigation Previous Post TED Talk: Daniel Kish, How I use sonar to navigate the world They are used to omit unnecessary or implicit information. Exercise 5. ‘-ing’ form as a subordinate clause or a noun clause to give explanatory background information. quotations . Present Participle - Examples and Definition of Present Participle. de Smet, H. (2010) ‘English -ing-clauses and their problems: The structure of grammatical categories.’ Linguistics 48(6), 1153-1193. de Smet, H. and Heyvaert, L. (2011) ‘The meaning of the English present participle.’ They eliminate the need for the relative pronoun, useful if students have trouble remembering which one to use. Original Price $39.99. They are formed using present participles (going, reading, seeing, walking, etc. The tense is indicated by the verb in the main clause. Participle clauses are mainly used in written texts, particularly in a literary, academic or journalistic style. Here are some common ways we use present participle clauses. Note that present participles have a similar meaning to active verbs. The bomb exploded, destroying the building. a form of a verb, often ending in "-ed" or "-ing" and used with auxiliary verbs to make verb tenses, or to form adjectives (Định nghĩa của participle từ Từ điển Học thuật Cambridge © Cambridge University Press) Các ví dụ của participle Past participle 3. This PowerPoint Presentation explains students the use and the structure of the different participle clauses: present, past and perfect p... 652 Downloads. What are participle clauses and how are they used (explanation)? They are used mainly in written English and they allow us to convey a great deal of information in a shorter form. A brief and understandable study on PARTICIPLES. Clause By Clause Explanation Of Iso 9001 2015 exercise 1 to 4 What is a Relative Pronoun and how to use it? Participle clauses are used to make language more efficient and concise. Main content: Time clauses. Participle Clauses. Notes for adverbial participle clauses. Perfect participle Exercises: Participle Clauses Exercise PDF Exercise. Present and past participle forms (e.g. “ Seeing her sister nominated to participate in the Hunger Games, Katniss volunteered to take her place.”. Tense Active Passive English Present audiens, audientis – hearing Perfect – auditus, … The word ‘going’ qualifies the noun ‘boy’ as an adjective does. By edalloway. ‘agreed’, without commenting on the interpretation, though. : Stay tuned. In the clause chapter, there is one interesting topic which cannot be split from the use of clause. It is intended for intermediate to advanced students of English as a second or foreign language who have already studied the basic grammar of … Another type of clause in English is the participle clause. Relative clauses and other types of clause 70 Relative clauses (1) (The girl who I was talking about.) Show. Make a reduced relative clause. Participle definition and meaning ¦ Collins English Dictionary Here you will find many Participles English Grammar Exercises at all levels so you can practice and improve your knowledge of Participles in English. REDUCED MODIFYING CLAUSE; Below, the modifying clause is less wordy. Well participle itself is the form of a verb that usually ends in 'ed' or 'ing' and is used to form some tenses and as an adjective (Cambridge Learner Dictionary, 2008 ). Participle Clauses. Read the sentence : Going on the road, the boy met with an accident. Although noun phrases and adjective phrases most frequently function as the object complement of clauses, five grammatical forms can perform the grammatical function of … -ing PARTICIPLE -ing participle clauses can replace both defining and non-defining relative clauses with an active verb: E.g. This example shows that past participles in root position can also have a performative illocutionary force. http://www.bbclearningenglish.comParticiple clauses use a present or past participle in a clause instead of a typical subject + verb form. Vocabulary plus: two-part phrases (1) 10-3 (0) 10-3-1. By noncrease It is more fun to practice grammar by playing games. Participle clauses do not have a specific tense. A gerund (/ ˈ dʒ ɛ r ən d,-ʌ n d / abbreviated GER) is any of various nonfinite verb forms in various languages; most often, but not exclusively, one that functions as a noun.In English, it has the properties of both verb and noun, such as being modifiable by an adverb and being able to take a direct object. (The first sentence is given as an example.) Participle Clauses in English Grammar 1 Introduction. Participle clauses are non-finite clauses. ... 2 Usage. Participle clauses are common in written language. ... 3 Forming Participle Clause in English Grammar. There is no subject in a participle clause. ... 4 Participle Clauses with a Different Subject. ...